The-Geo-3hv-Answers-Ch4 def - thiememeulenhoff/thegeo third edition 3 hv Geography for Years 1, 2 - Studeersnel (2024)

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thiememeulenhoff/thegeo

third edition

3 hv Geography for Years 1, 2 and 3

Answers to Chapter 4

4 Europe is evolving

Start

1 a It is a photo of a competition with top athletes from all over the world. b Four examples asked for: 1) Students from all over the world live there. 2) Many Eastern Europeans work there. 3) There are many illegal migrants. 4) Top football players from all over the world play for Manchester City and Manchester United. c Factories have been replaced with new buildings.2 These are examples of answers. labour migration: reading text, Figures 15 and 16: Eastern Europeans working in Western European countries refugees: Figures 16, 17 and 18: Every day, hundreds of migrants risk their life crossing the sea to Europe in rickety boats. from industry to service sector: Figures 1 and 3: The old docks are now a modern housing and office area. borders: Figures 6, 7, 8 and 9: European borders changed often in the twentieth century. from poor to rich: Figures 13, 14, 15: Poor people living in the countryside often move to Western European or Eastern European cities, because they can earn more money there.3 a true / false b true / false c true / false d true / false e true / false f true / false g true / false h true / false i true / false j true / false

b Figure 5: almost the whole working population in Manchester is employed in the tertiary (service) sector. Figures 2, 3 and 45 a No, almost everywhere less than 30% of the working population is employed in industry.b Central Europe (Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Romania)c Almost all of the working population is employed in the service sector and is trained for this.6 a Figure 2: factory converted into housing and business spaceFigure 3: docks converted into a modern centre for services and cultureFigure 4: factory converted into a café with terraceb 10 cm; 1 cm = 600 m; therefore 6 kmc figure from Start: Manchester promotes itself as the top sporting city in Britain.orFigure 2/3/4: Manchester is a city of continuous renewal.7 a oil refinery resource-dependentplumber market-dependentpower station resource-dependentsupermarket market-dependentb Coal was replaced by (weightless) electricity. Also, more efficient use means that less fuel is needed.8 a wages and knowledgeb 1 law firms no2 furniture factory yes3 light-bulb factory yes4 newspaper printing firm no5 book printing firm yesc 4: Newspaper printing firms have to deliver a new newspaper every day; this is not possible if they areprinted far away.5: Books can easily be printed in low-wage countries; there is more time for the printing process.d Unspecified number of characteristics asked for:

1. multinational
2. workers with specialized knowledge
3. not many raw materials used
4. footloose9 blast furnace docks where the delivery of raw materials is possibledistribution centre infrastructure (mainly roads)accountant’s office market, as close to customers as possiblecement factory close to the source of raw materials10 a economies of agglomeration: 1) university 2) businessesinfrastructure: 1) accessibility 2) international airportattractive environment: 1) lively cityb attractive environment (modern housing, entertainment), economies of agglomerationc They do not use heavy raw materials, so they are free to choose their location.d More than one in five businesses in the centre of Manchester are geared to science and technology (inthe tertiary sector).

A different approach

11 a See W3 and W4 (next page). b textile factory 1850 raw materials: Coal was heavy and a lot of it was needed. This made coal very expensive to transport. textile factory 2015 labour: the availability of cheap labour means that the cost price of textiles remains low.

high-tech business 2015knowledge: they cannot operate without highly qualified workers.economies of agglomeration: businesses and research centres benefit from being close to eachother because they can exchange ideas and information.W3 Location factors for a textile factory in 1850 and 2015.W4 Location factors for a high-tech business in Manchester.

Revision

12 Two location factors for each business asked for: a power station that uses coal to generate electricity 1) raw materials 2) infrastructure: to deliver the coal and carry the electricity via a network b biotechnology company that makes products for detecting very small amounts of toxic substances 1) knowledge (it is high-tech industry) 2) economies of agglomeration c a law firm 1) knowledge (highly qualified lawyers) 2) market (clients)13 See thiememeulenhoff/thegeo.

13. Montenegro

14. Kosovo

15. Macedoniaf Crimea was part of Ukraine, but was occupied by Russia in 2014.5 a 1 Moscow 9 Kaliningrad2 Riga 10 Brest3 Lviv 11 Kiev4 Warsaw 12 Bucharest5 Prague 13 Budapest6 Wrocław 14 Vienna7 Gdańsk 15 Bratislava8 Berlin 16 Vilniusb See W5.W5 Topography of Central and Eastern Europe.6 a/b See W6.c Two cities asked for:

16. Lviv

17. BrestW6 Shifting borders.2010 1967 1939 1902city Lviv Lvov Lwow Lembergstate Ukraine Soviet Union Poland Austro-Hungarycity Wrocław Wrocław Breslau Breslaustate Poland Poland Germany Germanycity Gdańsk Gdańsk Danzig Danzigstate Poland Poland Germany Germanycity Brest Brest Brest-Litowsk Brest-Litowskstate Belarus Soviet Union Poland Russiacity Warsaw Warsaw Warsaw Warsawstate Poland Poland Poland Russia7 a No other country’s borders and location have changed as much as Poland’s.b No, the maps show that the state borders of the Netherlands have not changed since 1843.8 a Almost all Jews were murdered in the Second World War. Later the Poles and Germans were drivenout. Now Ukrainians and Russians live there.b Two causes asked for:

18. the war

19. the Holocaust9 Figure 10: in the Habsburg period/the eighteenth and nineteenth centuriesFigure 11: in the Russian period/after 194510 a Two states asked for:

20. Austro-Hungary

21. The Ottoman Empireb Austro-Hungary occupies Bosnia-Hercegovina; Serbia and Romania are independentc Yugoslaviad Names of seven states asked for:

22. Slovenia

23. Croatia

24. Serbia

25. Bosnia and Herzegovina

26. Montenegro

27. Kosovo

28. Macedonia

A different approach

11 a Student’s own answer, for example: In Central Europe, the sovereignty of states did not often mean very much. Borders were of little significance. There were frequent wars, after which state borders changed again.b In Ukraine there are big differences between the east and west of the country. There is a civil war inthe east. A large area is occupied by rebels who want to be more closely involved with Russia. In thewest, people are more geared to the European Union.c Student’s own answer, for example:Russia occupied Crimea. Crimea is part of the state of Ukraine. Also, Russia supports the rebels in theeast of Ukraine. Because of the situation in Ukraine, the inhabitants of the Baltic states are afraid thatRussia will also interfere with their borders.d Student’s own answer, for example:If you look at Eastern Europe and the Balkans, no country can be certain of its borders: they havechanged a lot in the past hundred years. In Western, Southern and Northern Europe the situationseems to be different; the borders have not changed much. Apart from that, countries have mademany agreements with each other in the EU and NATO. There are also countries with regions thatwant to become independent states (Catalonia in Spain, Scotland in the United Kingdom). Thoseborders may change too in the future.

Revision

12 -

13 See thiememeulenhoff/thegeo.

W7 Europe (for assignment 3b/c).W8 NATO and EU member states.4 a Titles of three maps asked for: 1) Bruto nationaal product (Gross National Product) 2) Sterkte economie (Strength of the economy) 3) Koopkracht ten opzichte van Nederland (Purchasing power compared to the Netherlands)b Student’s own answer, for example:

Purchasing power compared to the Netherlands: In Eastern Europe there is less purchasing powerbecause the economy was undeveloped in the communist period.5 a Prosperity in Eastern Europe is less than the EU average.b Prosperity decreases as you move from the north to the southeast. In general, capital city regions aremore prosperous.6 a Unspecified number of favourable factors asked for:

1. well-trained workers
2. low wagesb One location advantage asked for:
3. closer to the Western European market
4. fewer cultural differences7 a Unspecified number of advantages of capitals asked for:
5. large market
6. good labour market
7. economies of agglomeration (close to banks, suppliers, government)b Prosperity is greater in capital city regions.8 traditional – modernprosperity – less prosperitygrowth – stagnationcity – countryside9 a pull factor: higher wages in Western Europeb In some areas, the number of people leaving is higher than the number of people coming to live there.There are emigration surpluses.c Yes, many Poles do unskilled work. Not many people in the Netherlands want to do this work.d/e/g See W9.f the United Kingdom and Irelandg W9 shows the situation at the beginning of 2016.W9 Schengen countries.

§4 Fortress Europe?

1 a a Syria h Iraq b Afghanistan i Eritrea c Somalia j Pakistan d Sudan k Ukraine e South Sudan l Mali f Congo-Kinshasa m Ethiopia g Central African Republic n Nigeriab from Syria, Afghanistan and Somaliac There are wars or civil wars in all these countries.d to escape poverty; hope of work and prosperity in Europe2 a to Italy, Greece, Spain and France b See W11. c push factors: war, unsafe, not free (forced to fight in the Syrian army) d Yes, he is a political refugee because he is against the government of the dictator Assad. This means he is in danger in Syria.W11 Trouble spots around Europe.3 a Unspecified number of examples asked for: 1) war 2) protect your children from violence 3) because someone has been injured 4) because your religion is banned 5) because of the political party you support 6) because you are a hom*osexual b Yes, they fled for political reasons, for example because of war and violence. c No, employment and prosperity are an important pull factor for economic refugees. d Political refugees, because they are in danger if they stay in their country. For (many) economic refugees, there is no immediate danger in their country.4 a More and more refugees are coming to the EU, which means that mainly large countries and border areas are caring for more and more asylum seekers. b Three countries asked for: 1) Germany

2. Sweden
3. Italyc The Netherlands is in seventh position in the EU when it comes to the number of asylum seekers takenin.d Student’s own answer, for example:If you compare the population of the Netherlands with that of other countries, the Netherlands takesin a relatively high number of asylum seekers.e Most asylum seekers come from countries where there is war or civil war, or where people are notfree because of the strict government.5 a Four measures asked for:
4. more controls at sea
5. better distribution among the EU countries
6. improving the conditions in the refugees’ own regions
7. help and information in the countries where many of the economic refugees come fromb Security is being reinforced where many migrants arrive, so it is more difficult to enter. Migrants thenlook for another route.c Despite strict controls and legislation, tens of thousands of migrants settle in Europe. So the fortress isnot as strong as we think.6 a The number of asylum seekers has increased since the 1980s, with a peak in 1995. After that, therewere increases and decreases. After the year 2000 the number of asylum seekers fell sharply againand was reasonably stable until 2010.b Unspecified number of reasons asked for:
8. unrest in the world
9. political policy
10. war in countries nearby
11. political policy and monitoring of neighbouring countries
12. EU policyc political refugees: when all the peaks occurred there was war in the countries concernedd 0%e 16,f at the beginning of 2016: almost 50,000 asylum seekers; sharp increase in 2015, mainly due to the warin Syria; now 0% of the population are asylum seekers. See coa for the current figures.7 a Most asylum seekers come from Syria, but Syria was not included at all in the period 2000-2010. Thatis because there is now war in Syria.b Four countries asked for:
13. Germany
14. France
15. United Kingdom
16. Swedenc Four countries asked for:
17. Norway
18. Sweden
19. Switzerland
20. Austriad On average, the Netherlands accepts more asylum seekers than other European countries.e Fewer asylum seekers are from Europe and Russia, and more from African countries and SouthwestAsia.

A different approach

8 This example answer is about 2015; for current figures, see the websites on thiememeulenhoff/thegeo. - number of refugees in the EU: 1 million people sought asylum in the EU - countries of origin: half from Syria, around 20% from Afghanistan, 8% from Iraq and 4% from Eritrea - escape routes: mainly the Balkan route (across the sea from Turkey to Greece, then over land)

Zoom in

Debate on refugees1 A discussion between two people with different opinions.2/3 -

Menu of options

A Western Europe or Eastern Europe1 -2 a Sources 5, 6, 8, 9 b Sources 2, 3, 4, 7 c Source 2 the church: the many domes of the Eastern Orthodox Church Source 3 cold climate, ice fishing, buildings in the background Source 4 buildings from the communist period (Plattenbau) Source 5 the undulating park-like landscape with an English church Source 6 modern buildings, skyline, service sector (London) Source 7 there are many car factories in Eastern Europe (but if your answer is: Western Europe, that is also correct because it has a lot of car factories too) Source 8 the gables of houses with pointed roofs: typical Dutch city expansion Source 9 sea climate, wet and green and mountainous3 a/b Source 2 belongs to Source 5 , because both photos show the countryside. Source 3 belongs to Source 9 , because both photos show the climate. Source 4 belongs to Source 8 , because both photos show housing. Source 6 belongs to Source 7 , because both photos show employment (services in 6, industry in 7).4 continental climate Source 3 sea climate Source 9 high-tech industry Source 7 service sector Source 6 suburbanization Source 8B Europe today1 -2 a/b At the end of 2015, the information is still the same as the coursebook; adapt answer to end of 2016.C IKEA: conquering Europe1 Almost everyone in Europe owns something from IKEA, there seems to be one European taste. or There are IKEA stores in all European countries: there seems to be one European taste.2 a See W13 (next page). b Germany c The country has the largest and richest population. d Relatively high in the Netherlands: in the Netherlands there are 13 stores for 17 million people. That is one Ikea store for 1 million people; in Germany there are 44 stores for 82 million people. That is one store for 1 million people.

D Into Europe1 -2 Student’s own answer.

Finish

Look and learn questions1 a Three terms for each figure asked for: Figure 21 1) asylum seeker 2) economic refugee 3) European Union (EU) 4) Fortress Europe 5) immigrant Figure 22 1) service sector 2) high-tech industry 3) Industrial Revolution 4) infrastructure 5) knowledge-intensive 6) urban renewalb Student’s own answer, for example:Figure 21 In the Netherlands, many immigrants are asylum seekers. Some of the asylum seekers areeconomic refugees. They entered Fortress Europe/the European Union (EU) illegally, looking forwork and a better life.Figure 22 Due to urban renewal, factories from the period of the Industrial Revolution were given anew use. For example, as locations for businesses in the knowledge-intensive service sector andhigh-tech industry. The infrastructure was also renewed: the old canals are now used by pleasureboats.Europe is evolving2 a to f See W14.W14 Europe is evolving.Terms3 See W15 (next page).